Tried around a bit today and found out, that this seems to be a issue with switching from AP mode to Monitor mode and vice versa:
root@kali:~# uname -a
Linux kali 4.9.0-kali4-amd64 #1 SMP Debian 4.9.30-2kali1 (2017-06-22) x86_64 GNU/Linux
root@kali:~# iwconfig
lo no wireless extensions.
eth0 no wireless extensions.
wlan0mon IEEE 802.11 Mode:Monitor Frequency:2.457 GHz Tx-Power=20 dBm
Retry short limit:7 RTS thr:off Fragment thr:off
Power Management:off
root@kali:~# iwconfig
lo no wireless extensions.
wlan0 IEEE 802.11 ESSID:off/any
Mode:Managed Access Point: Not-Associated Tx-Power=20 dBm
Retry short limit:7 RTS thr:off Fragment thr:off
Encryption key:off
Power Management:off
eth0 no wireless extensions.
root@kali:~# iwlist scan
lo Interface doesn't support scanning.
wlan0 No scan results
eth0 Interface doesn't support scanning.
root@kali:~# airmon-ng start wlan0
Found 3 processes that could cause trouble.
If airodump-ng, aireplay-ng or airtun-ng stops working after
a short period of time, you may want to run 'airmon-ng check kill'
PID Name
495 NetworkManager
598 dhclient
839 wpa_supplicant
PHY Interface Driver Chipset
phy0 wlan0 rt2800usb Ralink Technology, Corp. RT2870/RT3070
(mac80211 monitor mode vif enabled for [phy0]wlan0 on [phy0]wlan0mon)
(mac80211 station mode vif disabled for [phy0]wlan0)
root@kali:~# airodump-ng -c 6 wlan0mon
CH 6 ][ Elapsed: 6 s ][ 2017-08-06 13:01
BSSID PWR RXQ Beacons #Data, #/s CH MB ENC CIPHER AUTH ESSID
BSSID STATION PWR Rate Lost Frames Probe
root@kali:~# ifconfig
eth0: flags=4163<UP,BROADCAST,RUNNING,MULTICAST> mtu 1500
inet 192.168.178.50 netmask 255.255.255.0 broadcast 192.168.178.255
inet6 fe80::20c:29ff:fe59:1a61 prefixlen 64 scopeid 0x20<link>
inet6 2a02:810d:2a40:520:d153:c5db:b464:ab6c prefixlen 64 scopeid 0x0<global>
inet6 2a02:810d:2a40:520:20c:29ff:fe59:1a61 prefixlen 64 scopeid 0x0<global>
ether 00:0c:29:59:1a:61 txqueuelen 1000 (Ethernet)
RX packets 2776 bytes 1777366 (1.6 MiB)
RX errors 0 dropped 0 overruns 0 frame 0
TX packets 1403 bytes 335622 (327.7 KiB)
TX errors 0 dropped 0 overruns 0 carrier 0 collisions 0
lo: flags=73<UP,LOOPBACK,RUNNING> mtu 65536
inet 127.0.0.1 netmask 255.0.0.0
inet6 ::1 prefixlen 128 scopeid 0x10<host>
loop txqueuelen 1 (Lokale Schleife)
RX packets 129 bytes 15201 (14.8 KiB)
RX errors 0 dropped 0 overruns 0 frame 0
TX packets 129 bytes 15201 (14.8 KiB)
TX errors 0 dropped 0 overruns 0 carrier 0 collisions 0
wlan0mon: flags=867<UP,BROADCAST,NOTRAILERS,RUNNING,PROMISC,ALLMULTI> mtu 1500
unspec 00-C0-CA-95-6C-EF-30-3A-00-00-00-00-00-00-00-00 txqueuelen 1000 (UNSPEC)
RX packets 0 bytes 0 (0.0 B)
RX errors 0 dropped 0 overruns 0 frame 0
TX packets 0 bytes 0 (0.0 B)
TX errors 0 dropped 0 overruns 0 carrier 0 collisions 0
Then, unplug the USB Stick and Plug in again:
root@kali:~# iwlist scan
lo Interface doesn't support scanning.
wlan0 Failed to read scan data : Network is down
eth0 Interface doesn't support scanning.
root@kali:~# iwlist scan
lo Interface doesn't support scanning.
wlan0 Interface doesn't support scanning : Device or resource busy
eth0 Interface doesn't support scanning.
root@kali:~# iwlist scan
lo Interface doesn't support scanning.
wlan0 Interface doesn't support scanning : Device or resource busy
eth0 Interface doesn't support scanning.
root@kali:~# iwlist scan
lo Interface doesn't support scanning.
wlan0 Scan completed :
Cell 01 - Address: E4:18:6B:8B:F5:DE
Channel:1
Frequency:2.412 GHz (Channel 1)
Quality=33/70 Signal level=-77 dBm
Encryption key:on
ESSID:"intern34"
Bit Rates:1 Mb/s; 2 Mb/s; 5.5 Mb/s; 11 Mb/s; 9 Mb/s
18 Mb/s; 36 Mb/s; 54 Mb/s
Bit Rates:6 Mb/s; 12 Mb/s; 24 Mb/s; 48 Mb/s
Mode:Master
Extra:tsf=000001541d04c151
Extra: Last beacon: 13720ms ago
IE: Unknown: 0008696E7465726E3334
IE: Unknown: 010882848B961224486C
IE: Unknown: 030101
IE: Unknown: 32040C183060
IE: Unknown: 0706444520010D14
IE: Unknown: 33082001020304050607
IE: Unknown: 33082105060708090A0B
IE: Unknown: 050400010000
IE: Unknown: DD310050F204104A0001101044000102104700102880288028801880A880E4186B8BF5DE103C0001011049000600372A000120
IE: Unknown: 2A0104
IE: Unknown: 2D1A6E1017FFFF0000010000000000000000000000000C0000000000
IE: Unknown: 3D1601000600000000000000000000000000000000000000
IE: Unknown: 4A0E14000A002C01C800140005001900
IE: Unknown: 7F0101
IE: IEEE 802.11i/WPA2 Version 1
Group Cipher : CCMP
Pairwise Ciphers (1) : CCMP
Authentication Suites (1) : PSK
IE: Unknown: DD180050F2020101000003A4000027A4000042435E0062322F00
IE: Unknown: 0B05010003127A
IE: Unknown: DD07000C4304000000
<snip>
Cell 02 - Address: 5C:49:79:70:7A:74
Channel:1
Frequency:2.412 GHz (Channel 1)
Quality=41/70 Signal level=-69 dBm
Encryption key:on
ESSID:"Kalb1920"
Bit Rates:1 Mb/s; 2 Mb/s; 5.5 Mb/s; 11 Mb/s; 6 Mb/s
9 Mb/s; 12 Mb/s; 18 Mb/s
Bit Rates:24 Mb/s; 36 Mb/s; 48 Mb/s; 54 Mb/s
Mode:Master
Extra:tsf=0000000001bdff83
Extra: Last beacon: 7484ms ago
IE: Unknown: 00084B616C6231393230
IE: Unknown: 010882848B968C129824
IE: Unknown: 030101
IE: Unknown: 0706444520010D14
IE: Unknown: 2A0100
IE: Unknown: 3204B048606C
IE: Unknown: 2D1AAD011BFFFFFF00000000000000000001000000000406E6470D00
IE: Unknown: 3D1601000100000000000000000000000000000000000000
IE: Unknown: 7F080000000000000040
IE: Unknown: DD180050F2020101000003A4000027A4000042435E0062322F00
IE: Unknown: DD0900037F01010000FF7F
IE: Unknown: DD0C00040E010102010000000000
IE: IEEE 802.11i/WPA2 Version 1
Group Cipher : CCMP
Pairwise Ciphers (1) : CCMP
Authentication Suites (1) : PSK
IE: Unknown:
And: Voila, i can see other networks. Then, i switch to monitor mode, just to see nothing again:
root@kali:~# airmon-ng start wlan0
Found 3 processes that could cause trouble.
If airodump-ng, aireplay-ng or airtun-ng stops working after
a short period of time, you may want to run 'airmon-ng check kill'
PID Name
495 NetworkManager
598 dhclient
839 wpa_supplicant
PHY Interface Driver Chipset
phy1 wlan0 rt2800usb Ralink Technology, Corp. RT2870/RT3070
(mac80211 monitor mode vif enabled for [phy1]wlan0 on [phy1]wlan0mon)
(mac80211 station mode vif disabled for [phy1]wlan0)
root@kali:~# airodump-ng -c 6 wlan0mon
CH 6 ][ Elapsed: 18 s ][ 2017-08-06 13:10
BSSID PWR RXQ Beacons #Data, #/s CH MB ENC CIPHER AUTH ESSID
BSSID STATION PWR Rate Lost Frames Probe
root@kali:~# airmon-ng stop wlan0
PHY Interface Driver Chipset
phy1 wlan0mon rt2800usb Ralink Technology, Corp. RT2870/RT3070
root@kali:~# airmon-ng stop wlan0mon
PHY Interface Driver Chipset
phy1 wlan0mon rt2800usb Ralink Technology, Corp. RT2870/RT3070
(mac80211 station mode vif enabled on [phy1]wlan0)
(mac80211 monitor mode vif disabled for [phy1]wlan0mon)
root@kali:~# ifconfig
eth0: flags=4163<UP,BROADCAST,RUNNING,MULTICAST> mtu 1500
inet 192.168.178.50 netmask 255.255.255.0 broadcast 192.168.178.255
inet6 fe80::20c:29ff:fe59:1a61 prefixlen 64 scopeid 0x20<link>
inet6 2a02:810d:2a40:520:d153:c5db:b464:ab6c prefixlen 64 scopeid 0x0<global>
inet6 2a02:810d:2a40:520:20c:29ff:fe59:1a61 prefixlen 64 scopeid 0x0<global>
ether 00:0c:29:59:1a:61 txqueuelen 1000 (Ethernet)
RX packets 3884 bytes 1864850 (1.7 MiB)
RX errors 0 dropped 0 overruns 0 frame 0
TX packets 2208 bytes 849044 (829.1 KiB)
TX errors 0 dropped 0 overruns 0 carrier 0 collisions 0
lo: flags=73<UP,LOOPBACK,RUNNING> mtu 65536
inet 127.0.0.1 netmask 255.0.0.0
inet6 ::1 prefixlen 128 scopeid 0x10<host>
loop txqueuelen 1 (Lokale Schleife)
RX packets 129 bytes 15201 (14.8 KiB)
RX errors 0 dropped 0 overruns 0 frame 0
TX packets 129 bytes 15201 (14.8 KiB)
TX errors 0 dropped 0 overruns 0 carrier 0 collisions 0
wlan0: flags=4099<UP,BROADCAST,MULTICAST> mtu 1500
ether 96:3d:9b:82:b2:92 txqueuelen 1000 (Ethernet)
RX packets 0 bytes 0 (0.0 B)
RX errors 0 dropped 0 overruns 0 frame 0
TX packets 0 bytes 0 (0.0 B)
TX errors 0 dropped 0 overruns 0 carrier 0 collisions 0
root@kali:~# iwlist scan
lo Interface doesn't support scanning.
wlan0 Interface doesn't support scanning : Device or resource busy
eth0 Interface doesn't support scanning.
root@kali:~# iwlist scan
lo Interface doesn't support scanning.
wlan0 No scan results
eth0 Interface doesn't support scanning.